{"id":1027,"date":"2022-02-03T02:52:44","date_gmt":"2022-02-03T02:52:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inventedly.com\/?page_id=1027"},"modified":"2022-02-03T02:52:44","modified_gmt":"2022-02-03T02:52:44","slug":"creating-amending-claims","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/inventedly.com\/index.php\/resources\/patent-prosecution\/creating-amending-claims\/","title":{"rendered":"Creating\/Amending Claims"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/inventedly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_18-1024x46.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-496\" width=\"1138\" height=\"51\" srcset=\"https:\/\/inventedly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_18-1024x46.png 1024w, https:\/\/inventedly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_18-300x14.png 300w, https:\/\/inventedly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_18-768x35.png 768w, https:\/\/inventedly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_18.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1138px) 100vw, 1138px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/inventedly.com\" title=\"Home\">Home<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">&raquo;<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/inventedly.com\/index.php\/resources\/\" title=\"Resources\">Resources<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">&raquo;<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/inventedly.com\/index.php\/resources\/patent-prosecution\/\" title=\"Patent Prosecution\">Patent Prosecution<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">&raquo;<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\tCreating\/Amending Claims\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-color wp-block-heading\" id=\"creating-amending-claims\" style=\"color:#0461ce\">Creating\/Amending Claims<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-background is-style-wide\" style=\"background-color:#0461ce;color:#0461ce\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap wp-block-paragraph\">Perhaps the most daunting part of drafting a patent application is the drafting of the claims, particularly for the novice practitioner.&nbsp; Many practitioners begin drafting their patent applications with the claims.&nbsp; This serves a few purposes.&nbsp; First, it causes the practitioner to step back and think about the important features of the invention.&nbsp; Second, it causes the practitioner to determine the language that will be used to describe an invention, such that they may use and define the language throughout the specification.&nbsp; As discussed elsewhere herein, claims may be drafted in different ways by different practitioners, and a novice practitioner would be wise to study recent applications written by their supervising associate, partner, etc.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the more difficult parts of drafting a claim is determining the scope of the independent claim.&nbsp; Similar to the fence on your property, claims determine the metes and bounds of your patent.&nbsp; Entire books are written on claim drafting, and as such we will not go into too much depth here.&nbsp; However, this section will discuss the structure of claims (including the classes of claims), and differences between drafting independent and dependent claims.&nbsp; This section will also provide a few examples.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Books literally are written on this subject alone.&nbsp; As such, students are encouraged to further their own education by personal study of other methods and claim philosophies. <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-structure-of-a-claim\">The Structure of a Claim<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To properly analyze how to draft claims, we will first dissect the structure of an independent claim.&nbsp; For the purposes of claim drafting, we first must step back and ask ourselves questions including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>What problem is the invention seeking to solve?<\/li><li>What is novel about this invention?<\/li><li>What part or parts need the most protection?<\/li><li>What features do you suspect will be the source of confusion or argument during litigation?<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With these questions in mind, we can start to determine the structure of the claim.&nbsp; As an example, let\u2019s start with claiming a table.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"304\" height=\"199\" src=\"https:\/\/inventedly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/table.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1042\" srcset=\"https:\/\/inventedly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/table.png 304w, https:\/\/inventedly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/table-300x196.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 304px) 100vw, 304px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A basic independent claim for a table may look something like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>1. A table, which comprises:<\/p><p>a surface;<\/p><p>one or more support legs; and<\/p><p>one or more attachments for attaching the one or more support legs to the surface, wherein the one or<\/p><p>more support legs are mounted in a direction orthogonal to the surface and extend downwardly therefrom.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notice that this broad claim could apply to several different table modifications.\u00a0 For example:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"221\" height=\"162\" src=\"https:\/\/inventedly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/table2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1043\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"241\" height=\"178\" src=\"https:\/\/inventedly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/table3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1044\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The goal of claim drafting is that you want the language to be precise enough so it will protect the invention and overcome prior art, but broad enough so it will encompass other related modifications of the invention as well.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Let\u2019s break down a claim and discuss each of its parts:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>1. [patent class and preamble] A table, [transition phrase] which comprises:<\/p><p>[claim body] a surface;<\/p><p>[claim body] one or more support legs;<\/p><p>[claim body] one or more attachments for attaching the one or more support legs to the surface, wherein<\/p><p>the one or more support legs are mounted in a direction orthogonal to the surface and extend downwardly therefrom.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Keep in mind that this is just one such way to claim the invention.&nbsp; The patent claim is one complete sentence.&nbsp; Although it is often broken up into separate parts, recognize that it is still one complete sentence and abides by regular grammar principles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-patent-class-and-preamble\">The Patent Class and Preamble<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The preamble is the introductory part of the patent claim and indicates the class (e.g. process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, etc.) as well as any functional language (e.g. indicating the purpose or function of the invention, etc.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"types-of-claims\">Types of Claims<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When drafting a claim set, often many types of classes will be used.&nbsp; Without incurring extra fees, a patent application may include 3 independent claims, with 20 claims total.&nbsp; As such, one independent claim of the 20 claims may be directed toward \u201cA computer-implemented method, comprising the steps of: . . .,\u201d while another independent claim may be directed toward \u201cA computing device, comprising:&nbsp; a processor; a memory; and a computer readable medium that when executed causes the computing device to . . .\u201d Note that although these two independent claims may recite the same steps to be performed by a computer, the first is a process claim, while the second is a machine claim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"process\">Process<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A process claim is synonymous with a method claim, which involves a series of steps for making something.\u00a0 The focus in this type of claim class is on the \u201csteps\u201d and not necessarily the physical elements associated with the invention.\u00a0 Normally, in terms of infringement, an infringer would have to be responsible for each and every step of the method\/process.\u00a0 However, the law on this particular point is in transition.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">This law is in flux as the Federal Circuit has indicated that an infringer may not need to practice each and every step in order to be found liable.\u00a0 Consider, for example, induced infringement or&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_2');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \u00a0\u00a0Recognize that the more steps you have, the harder it may be to show direct infringement.\u00a0 Additionally, also know that a method or process usually must be tied to a machine or transformation to be valid.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">For case law on this particular point, see, In re Bilski, 545 F.3d 943 (Fed. Cir. 2008); Gottschalk v. Benson 409 U.S. 63 (1972); Parker v. Flook, 437 U.S. 584 (1978); Diamond v. Diehr 450 U.S. 175&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_3');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"machine\">Machine<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A machine claim can be an apparatus, a device, a system, a widget, etc.&nbsp; As defined by the Supreme Court, a machine is &#8220;a concrete thing, consisting of parts, or of certain devices and combination of devices.&#8221; Burr v. Duryee, 68 U.S. (1 Wall.) 531, 570 (1863).&nbsp; This &#8220;includes every mechanical device or combination of mechanical powers and devices to perform some function and produce a certain effect or result.&#8221; Corning v. Burden, 56 U.S. 252, 267 (1854).<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">In re Nuitjen, 500 F.3d 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2007).&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"manufacture\">Manufacture<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A manufacture claim typically refers to an article of manufacture, and describes a manufactured product.&nbsp; This class differs from a machine in that an article of manufacture generally has no moving parts.&nbsp; As defined by the Supreme Court, &#8220;manufacture&#8221; (in its verb form) is &#8220;the production of articles for use from raw or prepared materials by giving to these materials new forms, qualities, properties, or combinations, whether by hand-labor or by machinery.&#8221; Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303, 308 (1980).&nbsp; When used in its noun form, the term manufacture refers to &#8220;articles&#8221; resulting from the process of manufacture. Article is defined as &#8220;a particular substance or commodity: as, an article of merchandise; an article of clothing; salt is a necessary article.&#8221; 1 Century Dictionary 326 (William Dwight Whitney ed., 1895).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"composition-of-matter\">Composition of Matter<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The last claim class is a composition of matter, which the Supreme Court has defined as \u201call compositions of two or more substances and all composite articles, whether they be the results of chemical union, or of mechanical mixture, or whether they be gases, fluids, powders or solids.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303, 308 (1980).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> &nbsp;&nbsp;This definition is somewhat problematic as a \u201ccomposite article\u201d may also be considered articles of manufacture, such as plywood.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See, e.g., <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Composition_of_matter.<\/span> <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> &nbsp;&nbsp;Generally, composition of matter covers a chemical compound or molecule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"comparison\">Comparison<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a quick overview:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Class<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>General Rule<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Process<\/td><td>It includes a method. It focuses on the steps of the method or process.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Machine<\/td><td>An apparatus, device, system, or widget.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Manufacture<\/td><td>An article (generally non-moving parts) produced by a process of manufacture.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Composition of Matter<\/td><td>Generally chemical compounds or molecules.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To emphasize, a patent claim must start with a clear indication of the class to which the invention belongs.&nbsp; Further, as indicated above, the preamble may include functional language associated with the patent class.&nbsp; Some examples of functional language include: \u201cA device for pouring concrete\u2026;\u201d \u201cA compound X for use as a medicament for treating gout\u2026\u201d&nbsp; Where an invention is generally known (e.g. a table, etc.), a preamble may not need as much functional language to lay the framework for the invention.&nbsp; However, where the general invention is completely novel, more functional language may be necessary to provide a proper context for the invention.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Regardless, a general rule is that it is better to minimize the amount of language in the preamble.&nbsp; This is because any language used therein may be construed as a limitation at a later time.&nbsp; The courts again are not quite clear on this.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See, e.g., American Medical Systems, Inc. v. Biolitec, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2010).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> &nbsp;&nbsp;However, to avoid potentially incorporating further limitations into your claim based on preamble language, it is best to try and minimize the preamble to only that which is necessary.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See, e.g., Jason Rantanen \u201cPreambles as Limitations,\u201d Patently-O (09\/13\/10), last accessed 04\/13\/13, available at <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.patentlyo.com\/patent\/2010\/09\/construction-of-preamble.html.<\/span> <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-transition-phrase\">The Transition Phrase<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A transition phrase follows the preamble and links the preamble to the body of the claim.&nbsp; The USPTO has indicated that \u201c[t]he transitional phrases \u201ccomprising\u201d, \u201cconsisting essentially of\u201d and \u201cconsisting of\u201d define the scope of a claim with respect to what unrecited additional components or steps, if any, are excluded from the scope of the claim.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">M.P.E.P. \u00a7 2111.03. <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Specifically, the \u201c[t]he transitional term \u2018comprising,\u2019 which is synonymous with \u2018including,\u2019 \u2018containing,\u2019 or \u2018characterized by,\u2019 is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.\u201d&nbsp; Conversely, the phrases \u201cconsisting of\u201d or \u201cconsisting essentially of\u201d are exclusive or closed-ended.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Id.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> &nbsp;&nbsp;For example, a claim reciting, \u201cA compound comprising A, B and C\u201d would encompass a compound that included A, B, C and D.&nbsp; Conversely, a claim reciting, \u201cA compound consisting of A, B and C\u201d would not encompass a compound that included A, B, C and D.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-body-of-a-claim\">The Body of a Claim<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The body of the claim follows the preamble and transition, sets forth the elements of the invention, and describes, as appropriate, each of the elements.&nbsp; With respect to the exemplary table claim discussed above, the body of the claim stated the elements of the invention (e.g. legs, surface, attachment) and provided some details with regard to the attachments and how they would be used to mount the legs to the surface, namely, in an orthogonal, downward direction.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From an infringement point of view, the body of the claim should contain the so-called \u201cmeat\u201d of the claim.&nbsp; The preamble and class should be no more than a bare-bones introduction, with the transition phrase leading to the body.&nbsp; But the body of the claim contains the actual limitations that define the scope of desired patent protection.&nbsp; It is here in the body that we define the metes and bounds of the claimed invention \u2013 the \u201cfence\u201d or \u201cmap\u201d \u2013 and ultimately add value and substance to the claim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Simply put, the limitations in the body help keep everything in one place.&nbsp; Although this is the recommended practice, words or phrases may somehow creep into the preamble, adding ambiguity to the claim set (e.g. is the preamble now a limitation?).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>What is claimed is:<\/p><p>Patent Class \/ Preamble + Transition Phrase:<\/p><p>Body Element 1; and<\/p><p>Body Element 2.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dependent-claims\">Dependent Claims<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Often, the more novel aspects of an invention are initially found in the dependent claims.&nbsp; Such claims incorporate each and every element enumerated in their respective parent claims \u2013 i.e. the claims they depend from \u2013 and then add in additional elements or limitations.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1027_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See, e.g., 37 C.F.R. \u00a7 1.75; M.P.E.P. \u00a7 608.01(i). <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1027_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From a strategy point of view, it may not be wise to put too many limitations in the independent claim to start with as this may unnecessarily limit the claim.&nbsp; For example, although very rare, the first claim set you submit to the USPTO may be allowed.&nbsp; Such may be an indication that perhaps the independent claim was overly limiting on the first time around.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Based on this reasoning, practitioners may not find the line or the best balance between desired and eligible patent protection until after the examiner performs a search of the prior art and the first office action is received.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Let\u2019s go back to our table example, but now filter in (assuming proper specification support, etc.) two dependent claims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What is claimed is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>1. A table, which comprises:<\/p><p>     a. a surface;<\/p><p>     b. one or more support legs;<\/p><p>     c. one or more attachments for attaching the one or more support legs to the surface, wherein the one or more support legs are mounted in a direction orthogonal to the surface and extend downwardly therefrom.<\/p><p>2. The table of claim 1, wherein the surface is in a rectangular shape.<\/p><p>3. The table of claim 1, wherein the one or more support legs include four support legs.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the first dependent claim (claim 2), the dependent claim limits the surface of the table.&nbsp; In the second dependent claim (claim 3), the support legs are limited with regard to the number of legs.&nbsp; The point of these dependent claims is to put in limitations that will distinguish the invention from prior art.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"fallback-claims\">Fallback Claims<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">More often than not, an application will not be allowed without a prior art rejection.&nbsp; That is to say, typically an Examiner will find some piece of prior art that anticipates or renders obvious the independent claim.&nbsp; As such, practitioners often add fallback claims to their claim sets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, while an inventor may be positive that no prior art possibly exists, from time to time \u201chidden\u201d prior art may exist that an inventor did not know about.&nbsp; That is to say, since a patent application does not publish for at least eighteen months after the application is filed, it is very possible that no other prior art can be found until the \u201chidden\u201d prior art is published.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since it is impossible to know the extent of any prior art that an Examiner may find, having a range of intermediate to narrow claims within a claim set may be beneficial during prosecution.&nbsp; Here, the philosophy is that there is no need to give up an acre if a few square feet will do.&nbsp; Using the table example above, a fallback claim such as \u201cwherein the surface is in a rectangular shape\u201d may be a much better fallback claim such as \u201cwherein the surface is in a square shape,\u201d since the rectangular shape limitation does not narrow the claim as much as the square shape limitation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It goes without saying that learning to draft claims is an art that takes many years of practice.&nbsp; Further, various clients may have different expectations.&nbsp; As emphasized before, when learning to draft claims, study claims that your client has previously approved and\/or claims that your coworkers have recently written.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1027_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1027_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1027_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_1027_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1027_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Books literally are written on this subject alone.&nbsp; As such, students are encouraged to further their own education by personal study of other methods and claim philosophies. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1027_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">This law is in flux as the Federal Circuit has indicated that an infringer may not need to practice each and every step in order to be found liable.\u00a0 Consider, for example, induced infringement or joint infringement.\u00a0 See, e.g., Akamai Tech. v. Limelight Networks 692 F.3d 1301 (Fed. Cir. 2012).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1027_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">For case law on this particular point, see, In re Bilski, 545 F.3d 943 (Fed. Cir. 2008); Gottschalk v. Benson 409 U.S. 63 (1972); Parker v. Flook, 437 U.S. 584 (1978); Diamond v. Diehr 450 U.S. 175 (1981).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1027_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">In re Nuitjen, 500 F.3d 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2007).&nbsp; <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1027_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303, 308 (1980).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1027_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See, e.g., <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Composition_of_matter.<\/span> <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1027_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See, e.g., American Medical Systems, Inc. v. Biolitec, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2010).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1027_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See, e.g., Jason Rantanen \u201cPreambles as Limitations,\u201d Patently-O (09\/13\/10), last accessed 04\/13\/13, available at <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.patentlyo.com\/patent\/2010\/09\/construction-of-preamble.html.<\/span> <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1027_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">M.P.E.P. \u00a7 2111.03. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1027_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Id.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1027_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1027_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1027_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See, e.g., 37 C.F.R. \u00a7 1.75; M.P.E.P. \u00a7 608.01(i). <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_1027_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1027_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1027_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_1027_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1027_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1027_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1027_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1027_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1027_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_1027_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_1027_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1027_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_1027_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1027_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Creating\/Amending Claims Perhaps the most daunting part of drafting a patent application is the drafting of the claims, particularly for the novice practitioner.&nbsp; Many practitioners begin drafting their patent applications with the claims.&nbsp; This serves a few purposes.&nbsp; First, it causes the practitioner to step back and think about the important features of the invention.&nbsp; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":965,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1027","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.8 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Home \u00bb Resources \u00bb Patent Prosecution \u00bb Creating\/Amending Claims Creating\/Amending Claims Perhaps the most daunting part of drafting a patent application is the drafting of the claims, particularly for the novice practitioner. 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