{"id":742,"date":"2022-01-25T21:42:59","date_gmt":"2022-01-25T21:42:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inventedly.com\/?page_id=742"},"modified":"2022-01-25T21:54:10","modified_gmt":"2022-01-25T21:54:10","slug":"what-is-a-copyright","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/inventedly.com\/index.php\/resources\/general-intellectual-property-principles\/what-is-a-copyright\/","title":{"rendered":"What is a Copyright?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/inventedly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_18-1024x46.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-496\" width=\"1138\" height=\"51\" srcset=\"https:\/\/inventedly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_18-1024x46.png 1024w, https:\/\/inventedly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_18-300x14.png 300w, https:\/\/inventedly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_18-768x35.png 768w, https:\/\/inventedly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_18.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1138px) 100vw, 1138px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\tHome\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-color wp-block-heading\" style=\"color:#0461ce\">What is a Copyright?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-background is-style-wide\" style=\"background-color:#0461ce;color:#0461ce\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">Copyright relates to bestowing exclusive rights to the creator of an original work.&nbsp; The Copyright Act of 1976, adopted as law in Title 17 of United States Code, remains the primary basis of copyright protection in the United States.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Protection covers works of authorship, which includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>literary works;<\/li><li>musical works, including any accompanying words;<\/li><li>dramatic works, including any accompanying music;<\/li><li>pantomimes and choreographic works;<\/li><li>pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works;<\/li><li>motion pictures and other audiovisual works;<\/li><li>sound recordings; and<\/li><li>architectural works.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">17 U.S.C. \u00a7 102(a<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Section 106 specifies the rights of the copyright owner, which includes the exclusive right to do or authorize, including the right to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>to reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or phonorecords;<\/li><li>to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work;<\/li><li>to distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending;<\/li><li>in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion pictures and other audiovisual works, to perform the copyrighted work publicly;<\/li><li>in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, including the individual images of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to display the copyrighted work publicly; and<\/li><li>in the case of sound recordings, to perform the copyrighted work publicly by means of a digital audio transmission.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">17 U.S.C. \u00a7 106<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The issue may arise as to who is eligible for a copyright.&nbsp; Generally, the creator of the work (or those deriving rights from the creator) is eligible for the protection.&nbsp; However, \u201cworks made for hire\u201d is an exception to the general rule, and is defined in two parts as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>a work prepared by an employee within the scope of his or her employment; or<\/li><li>a work specially ordered or commissioned for use as a contribution to a collective work, as a part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, as a translation, as a supplementary work, as a compilation, as an instructional text, as a test, as answer material for a test, or as an atlas, if the parties expressly agree in a written instrument signed by them that the work shall be considered a work made for hire.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">17 U.S.C. \u00a7 101<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Copyright protection begins immediately and automatically when the work is created.&nbsp; Creation is defined as the time \u201cwhen it is fixed in a copy or phonorecord for the first time.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Id.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> &nbsp;&nbsp;In essence, the work must be in a tangible form.&nbsp; Additionally, \u201cwhere a work is prepared over a period of time, the portion of it that has been fixed at any particular time constitutes the work as of that time, and where the work has been prepared in different versions, each version constitutes a separate work.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Id.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Additionally, for a work created on or after January 1, 1978, protection lasts until the end of the author\u2019s life plus an additional 70 years after the author\u2019s death.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">17 U.S.C. \u00a7 302<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \u00a0\u00a0For an anonymous work, a pseudonymous work, or a work made for hire, the copyright \u201cfor a term of 95 years from the year of its first publication, or a term of 120 years from the year of its creation, whichever expires first.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">17 U.S.C. \u00a7 302(c<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Generally, a copyright notice may include a symbol or word \u201ccopyright (or copr.),\u201d the name of the copyright owner, and the year of first publication (e.g. \u00a9 1972 Britten Sessions, etc.).&nbsp; Although it is no longer necessary to give notice of copyright protection (since 1989), it may still be beneficial as it would remove the defense of innocent infringement in the event of copyright litigation.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">17 U.S.C. \u00a7 907<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A good example of copyright is the Superman comic strip character. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">More detailed information relating to the ownership of Superman may be found Michael Dean, &#8220;An Extraordinarily Marketable Man: The Ongoing Struggle for Ownership of Superman and&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_9');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp; In 1938, Shuster and Siegel, the co-creators of the character, sold their creation (including the comic strip, title, names, characters and conception) to DC Comics for a mere $130.&nbsp; In 1940, the Saturday Evening Post reported that each creator was being paid $75,000 a year, while millions were being made in Superman profits.&nbsp; In 1947, Siegel and Shuster sued to void the 1938 contract and the re-establishment of their ownership of the intellectual property rights to Superman. &nbsp;The case was settled out of court supposedly for $94,000. &nbsp;In 1973, Siegel and Shuster again filed suit and claimed ownership of Superman (based on expiration of copyright protection).&nbsp; They lost, both at the district court and then at the appellate court.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See, e.g., Siegel v. National Periodical Publications, Inc., 364 F.Supp. 1032 (1973); Jerome Siegel and Joseph Shuster v. National Periodical Publications, Inc., et al, 508 F.2d 909 (1974).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> &nbsp;&nbsp;In 1996, Siegel died, and in 1999, Siegel\u2019s estate filed a copyright termination notice.&nbsp; Nonetheless, the rights to Superman continue to be litigated.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See, e.g., Joanne Siegel and Laura Siegel v. Time Warner Inc. et al, Case No. CV-04-8776-SGL (Cal. Central District 2007); Laura Siegel Larson v. Warner Bros. Entertainment&nbsp; et al., No.&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_742_1('footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_11');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_742_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As shown, the rights to the Superman comic were highly sought after.&nbsp; For the owner of the copyright protection, Superman brought millions of dollars of revenue.&nbsp; The character has truly been a success for nearly 70+ years.&nbsp; Such is the power of copyright protection.&nbsp; With it, the owner can enjoy all of the privileges and benefits associated with the creation.&nbsp; Without it, the owner is powerless.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_742_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_742_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_742_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_742_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_742_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">17 U.S.C. \u00a7 102(a<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_742_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">17 U.S.C. \u00a7 106<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_742_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">17 U.S.C. \u00a7 101<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_742_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Id.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_742_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Id.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_742_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">17 U.S.C. \u00a7 302<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_742_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">17 U.S.C. \u00a7 302(c<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_742_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">17 U.S.C. \u00a7 907<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_742_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">More detailed information relating to the ownership of Superman may be found Michael Dean, &#8220;An Extraordinarily Marketable Man: The Ongoing Struggle for Ownership of Superman and Superboy,&#8221; The Comics Journal (263): 13\u201317 (October 14, 2004). <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_742_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See, e.g., Siegel v. National Periodical Publications, Inc., 364 F.Supp. 1032 (1973); Jerome Siegel and Joseph Shuster v. National Periodical Publications, Inc., et al, 508 F.2d 909 (1974).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_742_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_742_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_742_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See, e.g., Joanne Siegel and Laura Siegel v. Time Warner Inc. et al, Case No. CV-04-8776-SGL (Cal. Central District 2007); Laura Siegel Larson v. Warner Bros. Entertainment&nbsp; et al., No. 2:04-cv-084400-ODW-RZ (9th Cir. 2013).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_742_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_742_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_742_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_742_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_742_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_742_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_742_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_742_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_742_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_742_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_742_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_742_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_742_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_742_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is a Copyright? 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